Rule | Example |
The word "References" should be bolded and centered at the top of the page in Title Case. This list contains all the sources cited in the body of your document. References should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. |
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Use an "Annotated Bibliography" to list all sources that were used to generate ideas or inform the content of your document but were not directly cited. You may include suggested readings in the Bibliography. Your document can have both a "References" list and a "Bibliography." Annotated Bibliography looks like a Reference List but contains an annotation after each source cited. |
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References should follow the specific formatting described for each source type. |
The format for Journal Articles & Preprints differs from how a Website should be formatted. |
All reference entries should be double-spaced. All reference entries should be in "hanging indent" format. This means that the first line of the reference is flush against the left margin of the document; and subsequent lines are indented 7 spaces (0.5 inch or 1.27 cm). Do not add an extra line between references. The hanging indent makes the references distinguishable. |
Clauson, T. (2022). What lessons from Norway's experience could be applied in the United States in response to the addiction and overdose crisis. Addiction, 117(7). https://browzine.com/libraries/ Peritogiannis, V., & Rizos, D.V. (2021). Catatonia associated with hyponatremia: Case report and brief review of the literature. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 17(1), |
Author/editor: Last name, First Initial. Second Initial. (if applicable) | Armand Peter Smith = Smith, A.P. |
Multiple authors:
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Clauson, T. Petitogiannis, V., & Rizos, D.V. Griswold, M.G., Fullman, N., Hawley, C., Arian, N. Zimsen, S.R. Tymeson, H.D., Venkateswaran, V., Tapp, A.D., Forouzanfar, M.H., Salama, J.S., Abate, K.H., Abate, D., Abay, S.M., Abbafati, C., Abdulkader, R.S., Abebe, Z., Abovans, V., Abrar, M.M., Acharya, P., ... Gakidou, E. |
Titles:
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Evidence-based medicine in South African clinical settings |
Subtitles:
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Rural healthcare: A definitive guide |
Content type:
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Gant, K. (2014). The nature and experience of anxiety in bipolar disorder. [Doctoral dissertation]. Lancaster University. |
Dates may take one of the following forms
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(2021) (2021, April, 06) (2021, April) (2021, Spring)
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Publisher
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Proper nouns: Always capitalize the first initial of country/city, person, clinical tool, organization, and/or association names. | |
Repeated references: if you reference the same source more than once in your document, do not list it more than once in your reference list. | |
Present both DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks. Because a hyperlink leads readers directly to the content, it is not necessary to include the words "Retrieved from", "Accessed from", etc. Do not add a period after the hyperlink. |
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Include a retrieval date if the content in an electronic source is designed to change and the page is not archived.
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Example references list:References
Biyazin, T., Yilma, A., Yetwale, A., Fenta, B., & Dagnaw, Y. (2022). Knowledge and attitude about human papillomavirus vaccine among female high school students at Jimma town, Ethiopia. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 18(1), 2036522. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2022.2036522 Hossain, M. J., Rabaan, A. A., Mutair, A. A., Alhumaid, S., Emran, T. B., Saikumar, G., Mitra, S., & Dhama, K. (2022). Strategies to tackle SARS-CoV-2 Mu, a newly classified variant of interest likely to resist currently available COVID- 19 vaccines. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 18(1), 2027197. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2022.2027197 Lin, Y., Hu, Z., Alias, H., & Wong, L. P. (2022). The role of nurses as human papillomavirus vaccination advocates in China: Perception from nursing students. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 18(1), 2030169. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2022.2030169 Nishimura, T., Onogawa, S., Yamamoto, T., Okuda, Y., Ikeda, M., Matsumoto, N., Kurihara, K., Shimizu, A., Kitamura, S., Katamura, Y., Hirano, N., Itamoto, S., Nakahara, M., Yonehara, S., Shimamoto, F., & Hanada, K. (2023). Acute necrotic disorder of the small intestine post-coronavirus disease-2019 vaccination. DEN Open, 3(1), e137. https://doi.org/10.1002/deo2.137 Seyman, D., Keskin, A. S., Küçükateş, E., Ceylan, M. R., Kul, G., Tosun, S., Oğuzöncül, A. F., Gazel, Ö. Z., Uzar, H., Uysal, S., Aliravcı, I. D., Kaya, S. Y., Uğuz, M., Can, M., Demirkıran, B. Ç., Kul, H., Şölen, E. Y., Can, H., Deniz, M., & Altuntaş, B. (2022). Healthcare personnel’s attitude and coverage about tetanus vaccination in Turkey: A multicenter study. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 18(1), 2014732. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.2014732 Sorin, G. M., Darker, C., Whiston, L., O’Callaghan, A., Barry, J. M., & Kelly, B. D. (2022). A cross-sectional, face-to-face, community survey of mental health and deprivation in post-recession Ireland: A rising tide lifts all boats? Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 39(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2019.5 |